{"id":15055,"date":"2017-05-16T09:02:34","date_gmt":"2017-05-16T14:02:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.kaptest.com\/blog\/prep\/?p=15055"},"modified":"2020-09-11T20:42:18","modified_gmt":"2020-09-11T20:42:18","slug":"ap-chemistry-free-response-practice-questions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wpapp.kaptest.com\/study\/ap-chemistry\/ap-chemistry-free-response-practice-questions\/","title":{"rendered":"AP Chemistry: Free Response Practice Questions"},"content":{"rendered":"

The free-response section of the AP Chemistry test<\/a> can be daunting. It consists of seven questions–three long and four short–that you will have 105 minutes to answer. It is suggested that you spend 7 minutes on each\u00a0short questions and 25 minutes on each long question. You will be able to use a calculator and the formula sheets provided to you in the test. Brush up on the free-response strategies<\/a>, then try out the following two practice questions. Question 1 is a short question and Question 2 is a long question.
\n 
\n

Question 1<\/h3>
<\/div><\/div><\/div>
\n\t
\t\t
<\/p>\n

A solution is prepared by adding 3.0 \u00d7 10<\/span>\u22124 <\/span>moles of PbI<\/span>2 <\/span>to distilled water to form 500 mL of solution at 25\u00b0C. The K<\/i><\/span>sp <\/i><\/span>of PbI<\/span>2 <\/span>at this temperature is 1.4 \u00d7 10<\/span>\u22128<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

a. Explain why this solution is not saturated using the solubility product constant and the ion product.<\/span><\/p>\n

b. NaI is slowly added to the solution. How many moles of NaI must we add to induce precipitation of PbI<\/span>2<\/span>?<\/span><\/p>\n

\n<\/div><\/div>
\n

Answer<\/h4>
<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/p>\n

Begin by writing the balanced chemical equation: <\/span><\/p>\n

PbI<\/span>2 <\/span>\u2192<\/span>\u2190 <\/span>Pb<\/span>2+<\/span>+ 2I<\/span>\u2212 <\/span><\/p>\n

(a)\u00a0<\/span>We need to explain why this solution is\u00a0not saturated by showing that Q <\/i>< K. <\/i>The solubility product constant, K<\/i><\/span>sp <\/i><\/span>of PbI<\/span>2 <\/span>at this temperature, is 1.4 \u00d7 10<\/span>\u22128 <\/span>and needs\u00a0<\/span>to be compared with the ion product, Q <\/i>(calculated from initial concentrations of Pb<\/span>2+ <\/span>and I<\/span>\u2212<\/span>). According to the balanced chemical equation above, we see that dissolution of 3.0 \u00d7 10<\/span>\u22124 <\/span>moles of PbI<\/span>2 <\/span>will produce 3.0 \u00d7 10<\/span>\u22124 <\/span>moles of Pb<\/span>2+ <\/span>and 6.0 \u00d7 10<\/span>\u22124 <\/span>moles of pb<\/span>2+<\/span>. Since the volume of solution is 500 mL:<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n

Since Q <\/i>< K, <\/i>we have shown that the solution is NOT saturated. This is because\u00a0<\/span>the ion product is smaller than the solubility constant.<\/p>\n

(b) We need to assess how much I<\/span>\u2212 <\/span>needs to be added to the solution in order to begin precipitation of PbI<\/span>2<\/span>. Precipitation will occur when Q <\/i>> K, <\/i>so we need to find the point at which Q <\/i>= K <\/i>to find the concentration of I<\/span>\u2212 <\/span>at which precipitation will begin. Remember here that the principle we are using is the common ion effect. So: <\/span><\/p>\n

Q<\/i>=[I<\/span>\u2212<\/span>]<\/span>0 <\/span>2<\/span>[Pb<\/span>2+<\/span>]<\/span>0 <\/span>=K<\/i><\/span>sp <\/i><\/span>=1.4\u00d710<\/span>\u22128<\/span><\/p>\n

We know that the concentration of Pb<\/span>2+ <\/span>has\u00a0<\/span>not changed. So:<\/p>\n

[I<\/span>\u2212<\/span>]<\/span>0<\/span>2 <\/span>[6\u00d710<\/span>4<\/span>]=1.4\u00d710<\/span>\u22128 <\/span>[I<\/span>\u2212<\/span>]<\/span>0 <\/span>= 4.8 \u00d7 10<\/span>\u22123 <\/span>M <\/span><\/p>\n

This is the total concentration of I<\/span>\u2212 <\/span>required to begin concentration of PbI<\/span>2<\/span>. The corresponding number of moles in our 500 mL solution is given by: <\/span><\/p>\n

# moles I<\/span>\u2212 <\/span>= (4.8 \u00d7 10<\/span>\u22123 <\/span>moles\/L) (0.500 L) = 2.4 \u00d7 10<\/span>\u22123 <\/span>moles I<\/span>\u2212 <\/span><\/p>\n

We already had 6.0 \u00d7 10<\/span>\u22124 <\/span>moles of I<\/span>\u2212 <\/span>due to dissolution of PbI<\/span>2<\/span>, so the number of moles of NaI that need to be added is: <\/span><\/p>\n

(2.4 \u00d7 10<\/span>\u22123<\/span>) \u2212 (0.6 \u00d7 10<\/span>\u22123<\/span>) = 1.8 \u00d7 10<\/span>\u22123 <\/span>moles of NaI <\/span><\/p>\n

 
\n

Question 2<\/h3>
<\/div><\/div><\/div>
\n\t
\t\t
<\/p>\n

Many underground iron pipes are protected from corrosion by connecting them via a conducting wire to a block of magnesium metal buried close to the pipe.<\/span><\/p>\n

a. \u00a0In this situation, what is the chemical function of the magnesium metal? <\/span>
\n<\/span>
\nb. \u00a0Describe two chemical characteristics that a metal must have to function in place of magnesium in this situation. <\/span>
\n<\/span>
\nc. \u00a02Fe (s) + O<\/span>2 <\/span>(g) + 4H<\/span>+ <\/span>(g) <\/span>\u2192<\/span> 2Fe<\/span>2+ <\/span>(s) + 2H<\/span>2<\/span>O (l) <\/span>
\n<\/span>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a04Fe (s) + 3O<\/span>2 <\/span>(g) <\/span>\u2192<\/span> 2Fe<\/span>2<\/span>O<\/span>3 <\/span>(s) <\/span>
\n<\/span>
\nUnder a given set of conditions without magnesium, it is found that 1 g of iron would normally be corroded per meter of pipe per year according to the equation above.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Assume that the rate of corrosion is metal-independent. Calculate the time it would take for a 1 kg block of magnesium attached to a 200 m length of pipe to be consumed.<\/li>\n
  2. How long would it take for one mole of electrons to pass through the wire connecting the pipe to the magnesium, for a single 200 m section of pipe?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    d. \u00a0Calculate the equilibrium constant for the corrosion reactions with and without magnesium present. Assume standard conditions.<\/span><\/p>\n

    e. \u00a0What is \u0394G<\/i>\u00b0 for the reaction if magnesium is replaced by zinc? Is the reaction spontaneous? Assume standard conditions.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n<\/div><\/div><\/p>\n

    Answer<\/h4>
    <\/div><\/div><\/div><\/p>\n

    a. The general situation described in this question is cathodic protection of iron. <\/span><\/p>\n

    (b) A more active metal (magnesium) is electrically connected to the iron pipe and will corrode (oxidize) in place of the iron. The magnesium serves as a sacrificial anode. <\/span><\/p>\n

    For a metal to function as a sacrificial anode, it must be more active (a stronger reducer) than the metal that is protected and also be stable in the conditions present underground (sodium metal would make for a poor sacrificial anode). <\/span><\/p>\n

    c. <\/span>i. The number of moles of iron corroded per meter per year is found by dividing (1g \/ 55.85 g\/mol) = 0.0179 mol. Assume that the rates of corrosion of Fe and Mg are equal, so 0.0179 mol Mg per meter per year would be consumed, or 0.0179 mol \u00d7 24.30 g\/mol Mg = 0.435 g Mg. Because one block is attached to a 200 m pipe, multiply by 200 to get 87 g per 200 m per year.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Finally, take (1,000 g block \/ 87 g yr-1) = 11.5 yr. For each 0.5 mole of magnesium oxidized, one mole of electrons must be released into the wire. We know that the rate of magnesium loss is 0.0179 mol m<\/span>\u22121 <\/span>yr<\/span>\u22121 <\/span>and each block is 200 m apart, so we need to multiply: 0.0179 mol m<\/span>\u22121 <\/span>yr<\/span>\u22121 <\/span>\u00d7 200 m = 3.58 mol (Mg) yr<\/span>\u22121<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

    Finally, calculate (0.5 mol (MG) \/ 3.58 mol (Mg) yr-1) = 0.14 yr or 51 days.<\/span><\/p>\n

    d. <\/span>To calculate the equilibrium constants
    \nfor the reactions, we need to calculate the voltage potential for both reactions. This is found in the standard reduction potentials table. For iron, this produces E <\/i>\u00b0<\/span>red <\/span>= 1.23 V + E <\/i>\u00b0<\/span>ox<\/span>, and since \u2212E <\/i>\u00b0<\/span>red <\/span>= \u2212 (\u22120.44 V), we can substitute to make a simple equation: 1.23 V + 0.44 V = 1.67 V <\/span><\/p>\n

    For magnesium, this produces E <\/i>\u00b0<\/span>red <\/span>= 1.23 V + E <\/i>\u00b0<\/span>ox<\/span>, and since\u2013 E <\/i>\u00b0<\/span>red <\/span>= \u2013(\u20132.37 V), we again can substitute: 1.23 V + 2.37 V = 3.60 V. <\/span><\/p>\n

    Finally, we plug these values into the Nernst equation where log K<\/i> = (<\/span>nE <\/i><\/span>\u00b0 \/ 0.0592). <\/span><\/p>\n

    The<\/span> value<\/span> for n <\/i>is equal to the number of electrons transferred in the reaction (2 for this reaction). Calculating the values produces K<\/i><\/span>Fe <\/span>= 10<\/span>56.4 <\/span>for iron and K<\/i><\/span>Mg <\/span>= 10<\/span>121 <\/span>for magnesium. <\/span><\/p>\n

    e. We need to recalculate the voltage potential <\/span><\/p>\n

    again for zinc: E<\/i>\u00b0 <\/span>red<\/span> = 1.23 V + E<\/i>\u00b0<\/span> ox = <\/span>1.23 V \u2212 E<\/i>\u00b0<\/span>red <\/span>= 1.23 V + 0.76 V. = 1.99 V. Then, \u2206G <\/i>\u00b0 = \u2212 nFE <\/i>\u00b0 = \u2212 2 mol \u00d7 <\/span>96,500 <\/span>C\/mol \u00d7 1.99 V = 3.84 \u00d7 10<\/span>6<\/span>J = 3.84 \u00d7 10<\/span>3 <\/span>kJ.<\/span><\/p>\n

    <\/span><\/p>\n


    \n<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    The free-response section of the AP Chemistry test can be daunting. It consists of seven questions–three long and four short–that you will have 105 minutes to answer. It is suggested that you spend 7 minutes on each\u00a0short questions and 25 minutes on each long question. You will be able to use a calculator and the […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":27710,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[528],"tags":[409],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wpapp.kaptest.com\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15055"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wpapp.kaptest.com\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wpapp.kaptest.com\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wpapp.kaptest.com\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wpapp.kaptest.com\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15055"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/wpapp.kaptest.com\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15055\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":35904,"href":"https:\/\/wpapp.kaptest.com\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15055\/revisions\/35904"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wpapp.kaptest.com\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/27710"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wpapp.kaptest.com\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15055"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wpapp.kaptest.com\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15055"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wpapp.kaptest.com\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15055"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}