{"id":19845,"date":"2018-05-31T12:23:35","date_gmt":"2018-05-31T17:23:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.kaptest.com\/blog\/prep\/?p=19845"},"modified":"2024-04-19T22:36:21","modified_gmt":"2024-04-19T22:36:21","slug":"ap-biology-notes-immune-and-endocrine-systems","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wpapp.kaptest.com\/study\/ap-biology\/ap-biology-notes-immune-and-endocrine-systems\/","title":{"rendered":"AP Biology Notes: Immune and Endocrine Systems"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\nFour Things to Know about Immune Systems<\/strong><\/p>\n

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  1. The immune system can be divided into two major divisions: nonspecific (targets general infections) and specific (attacks specific disease-causing organisms by protein-to-protein interaction). Specific immunity is how we become immune to future infections from pathogens we have already fought off.<\/li>\n
  2. Specialized white blood cells, lymphocytes, come in two varieties: B cells and T cells. They are produced by stem cells in the bone marrow. There are three types of T cells: helper (TH), cytotoxic (TC), and suppressor (TS).<\/li>\n
  3. There are five types of antibodies and their structures are based on the same four polypeptide chains.<\/li>\n
  4. Antibodies work through agglutination\/neutralization, precipitation, and complement activation.
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    \nFive Things to Know about Endocrine Systems<\/strong><\/p>\n

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    1. There are two major ways animal cells communicate: through signaling molecules secreted by cells and through molecules that rest on the cell surface. Signaling molecules can be further divided into paracrine, synaptic, and endocrine.<\/li>\n
    2. Some cell communication occurs through cell junctions and is important for complex tissues to be able to function properly. There are three major types of cell junctions: tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions.<\/li>\n
    3. The endocrine system works with the nervous system to produce certain reactions as needed in response to changes in the body\u2019s organ systems.<\/li>\n
    4. Hormones are one of the body\u2019s methods of internal communication. Hormones are secreted by endocrine glands and travel throughout the body. They activate receptor cells that produce receptor proteins, thereby creating a reaction.<\/li>\n
    5. There are two major types of hormones: steroid hormones and nonsteroid hormones. Nonsteroid hormones are usually made up of proteins or modified amino acids.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

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      Key Topics–Immune and Endocrine Systems<\/h3>
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      \nRemember that the AP Biology exam tests you on the depth of your knowledge, not just your ability to recall facts. While we have provided brief definitions here, you will need to know these terms in even more depth for the AP Biology exam.
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      Immune Systems: Nonspecific Defenses<\/h4>
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