{"id":20007,"date":"2018-06-08T14:51:20","date_gmt":"2018-06-08T19:51:20","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.kaptest.com\/blog\/prep\/?p=20007"},"modified":"2024-04-19T22:26:34","modified_gmt":"2024-04-19T22:26:34","slug":"ap-biology-notes-evolution","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wpapp.kaptest.com\/study\/ap-biology\/ap-biology-notes-evolution\/","title":{"rendered":"AP Biology Notes: Evolution"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\t<div   class='av_promobox  avia-button-no   avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_heading  avia-builder-el-first '>\t\t<div class='avia-promocontent'><p>\n<strong>Five&nbsp;Things to Know about Evolution:&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Evolution is shaped by a number of mechanisms, including selective pressures, sources of variation, and random effects, such as genetic drift.<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Biological species concept: a species is a reproductively isolated population able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In allopatric speciation, geographically separated populations develop into different species. Sympatric speciation occurs when populations in the same environment adapt to fill different niches. Parapatric speciation occurs with limited interbreeding between two groups.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Evidence for evolution comes from comparative anatomy (homologous and analogous structures), biogeography, embryology, the fossil record, biological classification, and molecular biology (relatives share DNA).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium occurs when genetic distribution remains constant in large, isolated, randomly mating populations with no mutation and no natural selection. These conditions rarely (if ever) occur together.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n<\/div><\/div><br>\n<div  style='padding-bottom:10px; ' class='av-special-heading av-special-heading-h3    avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_promobox  el_before_av_heading  '><h3 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >Key Topics&#8211;Evolution<\/h3><div class='special-heading-border'><div class='special-heading-inner-border' ><\/div><\/div><\/div><br>\nRemember that the AP Biology exam tests you on the depth of your knowledge, not just your ability to recall facts. While we have provided brief definitions here, you will need to know these terms in even more depth for the AP Biology exam.<br>\n<div  style='padding-bottom:10px; ' class='av-special-heading av-special-heading-h4    avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_heading  el_before_av_promobox  '><h4 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >Types of Evolutionary Change<\/h4><div class='special-heading-border'><div class='special-heading-inner-border' ><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Natural selection: <\/b>Process by which organisms best adapted to their environment survive to pass their genes on through offspring; idea pioneered by Charles Darwin<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sexual selection:<\/strong> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Selection driven by the competition for mates, in relation to natural selection<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong>Selective disadvantages:<\/strong> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Characteristics that are bad for survival and\/or mating<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong>Selective advantages:<\/strong> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Characteristics that are good for survival and\/or mating<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong>Genetic drift:<\/strong> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Random evolutionary changes in the genetic makeup of a (usually small) population<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong>Gene flow:<\/strong> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The process of moving genes between populations as a result of the movement of individual organisms<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong>Biological species concept (BSC):<\/strong> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Definition of a species as a naturally interbreeding population of organisms that produce viable, fertile offspring<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong>Prezygotic barriers:<\/strong> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mechanisms that prevent the formation of a zygote, leading to reproductive isolation<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong>Isolation:<\/strong> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The separation of some members of a population from the rest of their species; prevents interbreeding and may lead to the development of a new species<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong>Postzygotic barriers:<\/strong> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mechanisms that prevent the development of a zygote into a fertile adult offspring<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong>Hybrid:<\/strong> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">An offspring that is heterozygous for one or more gene pairs<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong>Geographic isolation:<\/strong> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Isolation due to geographic factors (e.g., islands are geographically isolated)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><b>Allopatric speciation: <\/b><\/strong>Evolution of species that occurs in separate geographic areas<\/li>\n<li><b>Geographic barrier: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Any physical feature that prevents the ecological niches of different organisms (not necessarily different species) from overlapping<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Sympatric speciation: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Any physical feature that prevents the ecological niches of different organisms (not necessarily different species) from overlapping<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Parapatric speciation: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Occurs when limited interbreeding and negligible genetic exchange takes place between two populations<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Extinction: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The termination of an organism or species<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b><\/b><strong><b>Adaptive radiation: <\/b><\/strong>The production of a number of different species from a single ancestral species<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\t<div   class='av_promobox  avia-button-yes   avia-builder-el-3  el_after_av_heading  el_before_av_sidebar '>\t\t<div class='avia-promocontent'><p>\nClick the button to the right for our&nbsp;full Evolution notes!<\/p>\n<\/div><div  class='avia-button-wrap avia-button-right ' ><a href='https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/15OuG9D12DW-pJA_TAqfiSDrgPul9UfA3reMN7bmVHa4\/edit?usp=sharing' class='avia-button  avia-color-theme-color   avia-icon_select-no avia-size-large avia-position-right ' target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class='avia_iconbox_title' >Full Evolution Notes<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div><br>\n<div  class='avia-builder-widget-area clearfix  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_promobox  el_before_av_sidebar '><div id=\"custom_html-109\" class=\"widget_text widget clearfix widget_custom_html\"><div class=\"textwidget custom-html-widget\"><\/div><\/div><div id=\"text-80\" class=\"widget clearfix widget_text\">\t\t\t<div class=\"textwidget\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div><\/div><\/p>\n\n<div  class='avia-builder-widget-area clearfix  avia-builder-el-5  el_after_av_sidebar  avia-builder-el-last '><div id=\"custom_html-85\" class=\"widget_text widget clearfix widget_custom_html\"><div class=\"textwidget custom-html-widget\"><div><div class='op-interactive' id='65e692c654d20728b8d0c02e' data-title='Barrons AP Biology Quiz' data-url='https:\/\/kaplannorthamerica.outgrow.us\/65e692c654d20728b8d0c02e?vHeight=1' data-width='100%'><\/div><script>var og_temp=document.createElement('script');og_temp.async=true;og_temp.defer=true;og_temp.src='\/\/dyv6f9ner1ir9.cloudfront.net\/assets\/js\/nloader.js',og_temp.onload=function(){initIframe('65e692c654d20728b8d0c02e')},document.querySelector('head').appendChild(og_temp)<\/script><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Remember that the AP Biology exam tests you on the depth of your knowledge, not just your ability to recall facts. While we have provided brief definitions here, you will need to know these terms in even more depth for the AP Biology exam. Natural selection: Process by which organisms best adapted to their environment [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":28087,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[82],"tags":[83],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wpapp.kaptest.com\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20007"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wpapp.kaptest.com\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wpapp.kaptest.com\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wpapp.kaptest.com\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wpapp.kaptest.com\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=20007"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/wpapp.kaptest.com\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20007\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":46254,"href":"https:\/\/wpapp.kaptest.com\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20007\/revisions\/46254"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wpapp.kaptest.com\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/28087"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wpapp.kaptest.com\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=20007"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wpapp.kaptest.com\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=20007"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wpapp.kaptest.com\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=20007"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}