How Long Does It Take to Become a Doctor?

Now that you’ve chosen to pursue your dreams of becoming a physician, it’s useful to know when you can reap the benefits. While you’re thinking about getting into the best medical school possible and taking stock of medical school requirements, you’re probably also wondering how long it will take to complete medical school – and how long before you can start working as a doctor. According to the AAMC, becoming a doctor can take 11 to 16 years. This timeframe includes four years of undergraduate study, four years of medical school, and three to eight years of training in a specialty. In this guide, we break down the timeline to becoming a doctor so you know what to expect and when you can start working independently as a physician.

[ RELATED: What’s the Real Cost of Medical School? ]

TABLE OF CONTENTS

• How long is medical school?
• How long is medical residency? 
• What is medical school like?
• How long does it take to become a surgeon?
• What happens after medical school?

How long is medical school?

Once you complete your four-year undergrad training, your next step is to graduate from medical school. On average, it takes four years to complete medical school, but some programs do offer three-year accelerated degrees. In addition to medical school, you’ll have to complete at least three years of residency training, plus a few more if you want to subspecialize by completing a fellowship. Combine that with an average starting age of 24 (or 26 for DO – Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine – applicants), and this means the vast majority of medical students don’t start working as fully licensed doctors until their early 30s.

[ KEEP READING: What Happens After Medical School? ]

For high school students who are considering a career in medicine, a great way to learn about the medical field and get a head start on the clinical skills required for medical careers is to participate in an immersive pre-med summer program. Many universities and other leading U.S. institutions offer summer opportunities for high school students to learn more about medical school and medical professions. Some universities offer in-person courses; others offer courses online.

How long is medical residency?

The duration of medical residency is typically three to seven years, with surgical residencies at least five years in length. However, the timeframe ultimately depends on the program and specialty you are pursuing. The shortest include the primary care specialties: internal medicine, pediatrics, and family medicine.   

Here are the average lengths of some of the more popular medical residencies:

Medical Specialty	Time in Medical Residency
Dermatology	4 years
Diagnostic radiology	5 years
Emergency medicine	3-4 years
Family medicine	3-4 years
Neurology	3-4 years
Neurological surgery	7 years
Ophthalmology	4 years
Pediatrics	3 years
Plastic surgery	6 years
Psychiatry	4 years

Source: AMA

What is medical school like?

The structures of allopathic and osteopathic medical school programs are very similar, and quite different from their undergraduate counterparts. Generally, medical school is divided into two major components: preclinical and clinical (rotation) sections. Each of these is two years long, though there can be minor differences from school to school.

The preclinical block focuses heavily on science and clinical skills, and while most subjects (e.g., anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, etc) are taught through didactic lectures, some schools employ problem-based learning (PBL) or organize courses based on organ systems . This part of the medical school experience is similar to taking upper-level science courses in college, albeit at an accelerated pace.

At the end of the second (M2) year, med students take and pass the United States Medical Licensing Exam (USMLE) Step 1, the first of three board exams required for obtaining a license to practice medicine.

[ READ NEXT: First-Year Medical School Student (M1) Guide ]

In the third (M3) and fourth (M4) years, clinical rotations are completed within core specialties of medicine (e.g., pediatrics, internal medicine, surgery, ob/gyn, etc.), where students spend several weeks in a hospital or other clinic setting observing and learning from attending physicians. M3 often consists of core rotations at or near your school, giving you a solid foundation in the most common fields people pursue in medicine. M4 is very similar, though you will have more freedom in choosing the specialties you’ll rotate through. You will also have the option of going to other institutions to “audition” for their residency programs. However, you will still be responsible for studying for and passing the USMLE Step 2 CK before moving on to residency.

Becoming a doctor is a multi-step process that takes years of education and training. The average timeline to become a doctor is three to seven years after medical school, depending on your program and specialty. The graph below showcases the average path of medical education so you can see what it takes to become a doctor.

The average age of first-year medical students is 24, and most students are 28 years old upon graduating. However, there is a wide age range for medical students. For the 2024-2025 medical school class, matriculants ranged in age from 17 to 55.

There is no age requirement to take the MCAT. Anyone of any age can sit for the MCAT. However, there are testing limits, so you shouldn’t take the MCAT until you feel comfortable with the content and skills tested. If you are determining when you should take the MCAT, consider test dates and med school application deadlines based on your individual circumstances. Ideally, you should aim to take the exam by April of the year you wish to apply to medical school. This way you’ll have your score back before submitting your primary application, enabling you to target schools that best match your score, academic background, and career goals. 

How long does it take to become a surgeon?

Becoming a surgeon is a challenging process that takes an average of 13 years. The timeline to becoming a surgeon includes four years of undergrad, four years of medical school, and five years in a surgical residency in your specialty. According to the American College of Surgeons (ACS), there are 14 recognized surgical specialties:

1. Cardiothoracic surgery
2. Colon and rectal surgery
3. General surgery
4. Gynecology and obstetrics
5. Gynecologic oncology
6. Neurological surgery
7. Ophthalmic surgery
8. Oral and maxillofacial surgery
9. Orthopedic surgery
10. Otorhinolaryngology (ENT)
11. Pediatric surgery
12. Plastic and maxillofacial surgery
13. Urology
14. Vascular surgery

What happens after medical school?

You will have accomplished a lot upon graduating from medical school, but your journey to becoming a doctor will not yet be done. Residency is where you’ll learn and refine the bulk of your clinical skills. A good residency can make a big difference in the quality of physician you’ll become – as much as getting into a good medical school.

After your first year of residency (PGY1 = postgraduate year 1), you’ll face another examination: the USMLE Step 3. The good news is that this is the final exam in the USMLE series, which is designed to assess whether a medical school graduate can effectively apply medical knowledge and understanding of biomedical and clinical science essential for the unsupervised practice of medicine.

The remainder of your residency training will focus on continuing to master clinical skills in your specialty. After residency, you will have the opportunity to further specialize within your field by completing a fellowship. Finally, you’ll move on to passing your board certification exams and begin practicing medicine. 

[ GOOD TO KNOW: Average Annual Doctor Salaries by Specialty ]

We commend you for researching the years ahead and figuring out how long it will take you to become a doctor. Setting appropriate expectations is important when you’re focused on the end goal of living a fulfilling life as a doctor. There are sacrifices to be made on this journey during some of the best years of your life, but in the end, being able to care for patients in the specialty of your choice will provide you with a rewarding and noble career in medicine.

If you’re interested in going to medical school, check out Kaplan’s MCAT prep options. Need help getting started? Take our quiz below to see what is the best MCAT prep course for you.

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Written by Kaplan experts, reviewed by Dr. Claudia Mikail, MD, MPH. Dr. Mikail is a board-certified physician specializing in public health genetics. She is also the author of a bestselling textbook and has taught at top universities.